ICSE Class 4 Social Studies Solved Exercises – Chapter-wise Viva Book Answers (NEP 2020)

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1 . What is History

📘 Lesson 1: What is History?

🧠 Lesson Summary:

This lesson introduces the concept of history as a systematic study of the past. It explores the importance of learning history to understand how past events influence our present and shape our future. Students also learn about family history and the major periods in Indian history: ancient, medieval, and modern.

🎯 Learning Competencies:

By the end of this lesson, learners will be able to:

✅ Explain the meaning and purpose of studying history
✅ Understand the connection between past, present, and future
✅ Differentiate between ancient, medieval, and modern periods
✅ Identify the importance of family history and historical periods
✅ Recognize how past events impact current life

📚 Glossary (Word Bank):

Word	Meaning
Affect	Influence
Outlook	Point of view
Clubbed	Combined or grouped together
Historian	A person who studies and writes about history
Monument	A structure built to commemorate persons/events

📝 Exercises & Solutions:

✨ Let’s Begin Activity:

🖼️ Paste a picture of a major past event and discuss the following:

When did the event take place?
[Student’s personal input]
Why do you consider it a major event?
[Student’s personal input]
Why and how did it happen?
[Student’s personal input]
What changes did it bring to your life?
[Student’s personal input]

💬 Time to Discuss:

🩺 Why does a doctor ask about symptoms before treatment?

Answer:
Because understanding the symptoms helps the doctor diagnose the illness accurately. Just like history helps us understand the past, these details help doctors decide the correct treatment.

📖 Do and Learn – Family History Activity:

Paternal Great-grandparents:
Example: Mr. Rahim Khan & Mrs. Amina Khan

Maternal Great-grandparents:
Example: Mr. Suresh Mehta & Mrs. Lata Mehta

🔍 Think Tank Question:

Q: How does study of history play an important role in shaping our present?
Answer:
History helps us understand why things are the way they are today. It guides decision-making, teaches us lessons from past mistakes, and prepares us for a better future.

✅ Let’s Recall – Fill in the Blanks (with answers):

Knowing the past helps in understanding the present and helps prepare for the future.
History is divided into past, present and future for easy understanding.
We divide history into certain parts which we call periods.
A period may consist of many hundreds of years.
Our history is broadly divided into three periods.

🎯 Apply Your Knowledge – Multiple Choice Questions:

Which period consists of the history of the oldest times?
✅ (c) Ancient period
Which period consists of the history of the times in between ancient and modern periods?
✅ (b) Medieval period
Which period consists of the history of the recent times?
✅ (a) Modern period
Who of the following helps us to learn about our family history?
✅ (b) Parents
What helps us to understand the past?
✅ (a) History

🟥🟩 Colour the Circle (True/False):

Statement	✅ / ❌
1. History is the study of the past.	✅
2. A moment of our present becomes past in the next moment.	✅
3. The modern period in Indian history starts in the later half of 8th century.	❌
4. The modern period consists of the history of the times between ancient and medieval.	❌
5. History is divided by cosmologists into periods of time.	❌

✍️ Short Answer Questions:

What is history? What is the importance of history?
👉 History is the study of past events in a systematic way. It helps us understand the present and prepare for the future.
How do we come to know about our family history?
👉 We learn it from parents, grandparents, and old family records.
What are periods in history?
👉 Periods are divisions of time made by historians to study the past easily.
Name the periods our history is broadly divided into.
👉 Ancient period, Medieval period, and Modern period.
Which time period is considered the ancient period in Indian history?
👉 From the Indus Valley Civilization to around the 8th century.
Which time period is considered the medieval period in Indian history?
👉 From around the 8th century to the 18th century.
Which time period is considered the modern period in Indian history?
👉 From the late 18th century to the 1990s.

🖼️ Picture Study – Period Classification:

1. Indus Valley Civilization
📅 Period: Ancient Period

2. Red Fort
📅 Period: Medieval Period

3. Dandi March (Gandhiji)
📅 Period: Modern Period

🧠 Be Creative: Personal Event Project

Paste 2–3 photos of a birthday or celebration.
Write a description like:

🎉 “This was my 10th birthday party. My friends and cousins joined. We played games and cut a cake. I will never forget this day!”

🗣️ Language Link – Debate Topic:

Topic: “Is it important to study the past?”
🟢 For: Yes, to learn from past experiences and improve the future.
🔴 Against: Some may argue it’s better to focus on present skills.
➡️ Conclusion: Studying history gives valuable life lessons.

🏛️ Life Skills – Monument Preservation

Three things visitors must do at historical places:

Do not touch or write on walls
Do not litter or damage the area
Follow instructions and respect the monument

🏫 Project Work – History of Your School

Questions	Sample Answer
When was it started?	1995
Who started it?	Local Education Society
Where was it located initially?	In a rented building in Town Centre
How many teachers, students, classrooms?	4 teachers, 30 students, 3 classrooms
Any interesting facts?	The school started with solar power in 2010

💡 Extra Questions for Practice:

Here are the answers to your 💡 Extra Questions for Practice — written clearly and student-friendly with website-friendly formatting and emojis:

💡 Extra Questions with Answers:

1️⃣ Why is it important to know about family history?

👉 Knowing family history helps us understand where we come from, our traditions, and the values passed down through generations. It connects us to our roots and strengthens our identity. 🧓👵👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

2️⃣ What would happen if we never studied history?

👉 If we never studied history, we would keep repeating the same mistakes. We wouldn’t understand how our present was shaped or how to build a better future. Studying history gives us wisdom from the past. ⏳📚

3️⃣ Name one historical place in your city and its importance.

🕌 Example Answer:
The Gateway of India in Mumbai is a historical monument built during the British period. It symbolizes the colonial era and is an important tourist attraction. It reminds us of India’s freedom struggle and architectural heritage.

(You may replace with a local monument in your city)

4️⃣ How are customs like greeting elders continued over generations?

👉 Customs like greeting elders with respect are passed from one generation to the next through family teaching and everyday practice. These traditions help keep our culture and values alive. 🙏👵👴

2 : Sources of History

📘 Lesson 2: Sources of History

🔍 Lesson Summary:

This lesson introduces the two major types of sources that help us understand history: Archaeological Sources and Literary Sources. It also emphasizes the importance of preserving these sources and clarifies the roles of archaeologists and historians in constructing our understanding of the past.

🧠 Learning Competencies:

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

Differentiate between archaeological and literary sources.
Understand the significance of preserving historical sources.
Distinguish between the role of a historian and an archaeologist.

📚 Glossary (Difficult Words Explained):

Archaeology 🏺: Study of past human life through material remains.
Excavation ⛏️: Digging to unearth ancient artifacts.
Inscriptions 🪨: Writings carved on stone, metal, or other hard surfaces.
Epigraphy 🧾: Study of inscriptions.
Artefacts 🪙: Man-made historical objects like tools, pottery, coins, etc.
Monuments 🏰: Historic buildings or structures.
Dynasty 👑: A line of rulers from the same family.
Biographies/Autobiographies 📖: Life stories written by someone else / written by oneself.
Accounts 📝: Written reports or descriptions.

🧩 Solved Exercises:

🧠 Apply Your Knowledge:

✔️ Colour the circle green for correct and red for incorrect:

🔵 A biography is the writing of the experiences of the writer herself or himself. ❌ (Incorrect)
🟢 Abul Fazl was a historian in Akbar’s court. ✅ (Correct)
🟢 Movable sources like artefacts are preserved in various museums. ✅ (Correct)
🔵 Literary sources are particularly useful to study a period for which there are no written records. ❌ (Incorrect – Archaeological sources are useful in that case)
🟢 Fa-Hien wrote in detail about the Guptas. ✅ (Correct)

✍️ Fill in the blanks:

An autobiography is the writing of the experiences of the writer herself or himself.
Our monuments, caves and other buildings are protected by the ASI (Archaeological Survey of India).
We get to know a lot about King Ashoka through the inscriptions belonging to his time.
Akbarnama is a biography of Mughal ruler Akbar, written by Abul Fazl.
Sources of history provide knowledge of the life and events in the past.

✅ Choose the correct answer:

What are the old buildings or structures which help us understand history called?
- ✅ (b) Monuments
What are the written texts from the past called?
- ✅ (c) Literary sources
Which foreign traveller wrote about India during Harshavardhana’s rule?
- ✅ (b) Hiuen Tsang
What is the place that preserves historical evidence called?
- ✅ (a) Museum
Who plays an important role in making history interesting?
- ✅ (b) Historians

💬 Answer the Following Questions:

What do you understand by sources of history? Name the two broad sources.
- Sources of history are the evidences that help us understand the past. The two main types are Archaeological and Literary sources.
Differentiate between archaeological and literary sources.
- Archaeological sources include physical remains like monuments, coins, and inscriptions. Literary sources include written records like religious texts, autobiographies, and travelogues.
What is the importance of preserving historical sources?
- Preserving sources helps future generations learn about human development, cultures, and historical events.
Describe the importance of coins as a source of history.
- Coins reveal details about the rulers, economy, religion, and trade networks of the time.
What is the role of religious books as a source of history?
- They offer insights into cultural values, societal norms, and religious beliefs of the past.
Differentiate between a historian and an archaeologist.
- Archaeologists dig and study physical remains. Historians interpret and write about the past using evidence.

🧠 Extra Questions for Practice:

Why is it important to preserve monuments and artefacts?
- They offer a glimpse into the life, art, and architecture of the past, enriching our cultural heritage.
Name any two artefacts and their uses in ancient times.
- Pottery (used for storing grains), Seals (used for trade authentication).
How do inscriptions help in understanding history?
- They provide official records of rulers’ achievements, decisions, and historic events.
Why are museums important for students of history?
- Museums preserve valuable historical items and make learning interactive.

🎨 Activities:

🧠 Mind Map

Sources of History:

Archaeological Sources: Monuments, Inscriptions, Artefacts, Coins
Literary Sources: Religious texts, Biographies, Travel accounts

🔠 Crossword Clues:

Across

Epigraphy
Archaeology
Inscriptions

Down

Excavation
Artefacts

🧑‍🎨 Picture Study:

These are archaeologists.
They are excavating artefacts.
Their work helps preserve our past and educates future generations.

📌 Project Work:

Write a report about your class trip to a historical place. Include:

Name of the place and city
Historical significance
Things observed
What you learned

✨ Life Skill Reflection:

Why maintain records in life?

They help us track progress, remember events, and make informed decisions.

💡 Tech Task:

Use the Internet to collect pictures of historical sources. Paste them in a Word file and write one line about each.

🌟 End of Lesson 2: Sources of History 🌟

3 : Timelines and Calendars

📘 Lesson 3: Timelines and Calendars

📝 Lesson Summary:

This lesson introduces students to the concept of timelines, the importance of sequencing events, and different types of calendars like the Gregorian and Saka calendars. It helps learners understand how humans record time, the logic of century designations, and the cultural and scientific relevance of almanacs and calendars.

🎯 Competencies:

Understand timelines and sequencing.
Differentiate between Gregorian and Saka calendars.
Read and mark BCE/CE and AD/BC.
Identify the importance of calendars and almanacs.
Apply knowledge through project-based and analytical questions.

📚 Glossary of Difficult Words:

Timeline: A representation of events in chronological order.
Century: A period of 100 years.
Millennium: A period of 1000 years.
Calendar: A chart showing days, weeks, and months of a year.
Almanac: A special calendar with detailed event data.
Lunisolar: Based on both the moon and sun cycles.
Gregorian Calendar: The calendar most commonly used worldwide.
Saka Calendar: India’s national calendar.

✅ Solved Exercises

🔍 Let’s Recall:

What is marked as AD 1?
- The birth year of Jesus Christ.
What terms are used instead of BC and AD?
- BCE (Before Common Era) and CE (Common Era).
Who introduced the Gregorian calendar?
- Pope Gregory XIII.
Which calendar is used alongside Gregorian in India?
- The Saka calendar.
What is the difference in dates in BCE and CE?
- Dates in BCE move backward, in CE they move forward.

🧠 Build Your Skills:

A. Make a Timeline: (Do with help of family and pictures – example below)

2015: Started school 🏫
2017: Learned to ride bicycle 🚲
2019: Won drawing contest 🖌️
2022: Went to family vacation 🏕️

B. Crossword Puzzle Answers:
Across:

CHAITRA
DECADE
JANUARY

Down:

CENTURY
ALMANAC

📘 Apply Your Knowledge

A. True or False (Color Green for ✅ and Red for ❌):

❌ The birth year of Jesus Christ is marked as Christmas.
✅ CE is used in place of AD.
❌ The Saka calendar is the most commonly used today.
❌ Events in Gregorian calendar are not fixed.
✅ Dates move backward in BCE.

B. Fill in the blanks:

A timeline helps understand the order of events.
100 years = a century.
A calendar helps know time.
An almanac provides date/event info for special groups.
Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582 CE.

C. Choose the correct answer:

✅ 1 January
✅ Chaitra
✅ Almanac
✅ Forward
✅ February

✍️ Answer the following:

What is a timeline? How does it help us?
- A timeline is a visual representation of events arranged chronologically. It helps us understand the sequence and cause-effect relationship between events.
What is a Gregorian calendar?
- A solar calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 CE. It has 12 months and 365/366 days.
Why do historians mark years as AD and BC? What are the new terms used?
- Historians marked years using the birth of Christ. Now CE and BCE are used to be more inclusive.
What is a calendar? How is it different from an almanac?
- A calendar tracks dates/months, while an almanac provides detailed data (moon phases, festivals, weather) for specific users.
Two differences between Gregorian and Saka calendars:
- Gregorian starts on Jan 1, Saka starts on March 22.
- Gregorian is solar, Saka is lunisolar.

💡 Extra Practice Questions:

In which century does 70 CE fall?
- 1st Century CE
Why is Saka calendar lunisolar?
- Months follow the moon’s movement, years follow the sun.
Name one Indian festival whose date changes every year.
- Diwali 🎆
What is the importance of an almanac in farming?
- It tells moon phases, sunrise, seasons — helping farmers plan crops.

🎨 Activity Corner:

Make a personal timeline ➡️ Include milestones in your life and decorate with stickers or drawings.

Design your own school almanac 📅 ➡️ Use colors to mark tests, holidays, sports events.

Life Skills Discussion:
Imagine life without a calendar:

We’d forget dates and events 🎉
Difficult to plan travel, exams 🧳📚
No track of seasons or moon 🌑🌕

📐 Mathematics Link (Time Ruler):

Lunch at 1 PM, Dinner at 7:30 PM ➡️ 6 hours 30 mins difference
It is 2 PM now, 8 hours since waking ➡️ Woke up at 6 AM
Movie ends at 8:30 PM, duration is 3h 15m ➡️ Started at 5:15 PM

📎 End of Lesson 3: Timelines and Calendars

4 : Understanding Civics

📘 Lesson 4: Understanding Civics

✨ Lesson Summary:

This lesson explains Civics, its role in governing a country, and our role as citizens. It highlights the concept of citizenship, explains rights and duties, introduces civic sense, and explores how being a good neighbour contributes to being a good citizen.

🎯 Lesson Competencies:

Understand and explain the concept of civics and civic sense
Identify the rights and duties of a citizen
Describe how a good neighbour contributes to society
Apply civic sense in school and community
Develop awareness of social responsibility and discipline

📖 Word Bank:

Privileges: Things that a person is free to do
Responsibilities: Things that a person is required to do
Civilized: A good human being, showing good manners
Sensitive: Caring and concerned about others

✅ Exercises with Answers:

🔁 Let’s Begin: Warm-up Questions (Answers)

Yes
No
Uniform
Yes
Games period
No

📚 Do and Learn: Citizenship

Question: How many years must a foreigner stay in India to become an Indian citizen?
Answer: A foreigner must stay in India for at least 11 years to become a citizen through naturalization, according to the Citizenship Act, 1955.

📊 Do and Learn: Rights and Duties Table

Place	Rights	Duties
In school	Right to learn, play and ask questions	Follow rules, respect teachers and peers
At home	Right to love, care, shelter	Help parents, keep things tidy
In library	Right to read and explore	Keep silence, take care of books
Playground	Right to play, enjoy	Play fair, follow rules, avoid littering

🧠 Think Tank Question Answer

Q: How can you apply civic sense in school?
A: By not littering, following rules, speaking politely, respecting teachers and classmates, and keeping the surroundings clean.

🎨 Apply Your Knowledge

Color the circle:

✅ Green
✅ Green
❌ Red
❌ Red
✅ Green

✍️ Fill in the blanks (Answers)

civilized
five
citizen
Duties
Absence

🗳️ Choose the correct answer (Answers)

(b) Rules
(c) Help others
(c) Civic sense
(b) Civilized

🧾 Answer the following questions:

1. What is civics? What is its importance?
Civics is a subject that teaches about the rules, responsibilities, and functioning of a country. It is important because it helps us understand our roles and duties as citizens.

2. Who is a citizen? What is the most common way to become a citizen of a country?
A citizen is a legal member of a country. The most common way to become a citizen is by birth in that country.

3. What do you understand by rights and duties? Give two examples of each.
Rights are freedoms we enjoy. Duties are responsibilities we must fulfill.

Rights: Freedom of speech, right to education
Duties: Following laws, keeping surroundings clean

4. What is meant by civic sense? Explain with two examples.
Civic sense means being responsible, courteous, and law-abiding in public life. Examples:

Throwing garbage only in dustbins
Following traffic rules

5. Mention any three things that a good neighbour should do.

Be respectful and friendly
Help others when needed
Avoid causing noise or disturbance

6. Mention any three qualities of a good citizen.

Honest and law-abiding
Respects others’ rights
Cooperates and helps the community

🖼️ Activity Corner: Picture Study (Model Answer)

Q1: Children are cleaning their surroundings.
Q2: They are doing this to maintain hygiene and show civic responsibility.

🎨 Be Creative

Make a poster on: “🚦 Follow Road Safety Rules 🚧”
Include slogans like:

“Safety First, Speed Last!”
“Be Alert – Accidents Hurt!”

💡 Life Skills – Tick the Good Civic Habits

✅ Share food with your classmate
❌ Fight with classmates
❌ Not to use the dustbin
✅ Switch off lights and fans before leaving
✅ Walk in a queue in school

🌐 Tech Corner: Research Answer

Origin of ‘Citizen’: The word comes from Latin civitas, meaning city or state.
Citizenship Rule: If an Indian citizen voluntarily acquires another country’s citizenship, they lose Indian citizenship as per Indian law.

✅ End of Lesson 4 Exercises: Understanding Civics

5 : Our Responsibilities

Lesson 5: Our Responsibilities

📄 Lesson Summary

This lesson explains the difference between public and private property and our responsibility in maintaining both. It also introduces students to the election process in India, the importance of voting, and how leadership is chosen in a democracy.

🌟 Learning Competencies

By the end of this lesson, learners will be able to:

Demonstrate respect for public and private property.
Suggest measures for proper upkeep of public property.
Describe the election process and its significance in India.

🧛‍♂️ Word Bank (Difficult Words)

Appreciate: Respect or admire.
Scribbling: Writing or drawing carelessly.
Campaign: An effort to achieve a goal.
Infrastructure: Essential systems and services like roads and buildings.
Chaos: Complete confusion and disorder.
Welfare: The health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.

🌐 Concept: Public and Private Property

Public Property 🛏️: Roads, parks, railways, hospitals, and monuments (e.g., Taj Mahal).
- Belongs to everyone.
- Maintained by the government.
- Everyone should take care of it.
Private Property 🏡: Houses, mobile phones, clothes.
- Owned by individuals.
- Must be used respectfully by others.

🔹 Civic Duty: Do not damage, scribble, or litter public property.

🌎 Concept: Participating in Elections

Elections are held every 5 years in India to choose leaders.
Voters: Indian citizens aged 18 and above.
Voting Method: Electronic Voting Machine (EVM).
Election Commission of India conducts and monitors elections.
Importance: Voting helps choose the right leaders. Not voting may lead to unsuitable leadership.

🎓 Exercises and Solutions

✅ Apply Your Knowledge: True/False (Color the Circle Green or Red)

Historical monuments are our private property. ❌ (False)
Things and places owned by individuals are public property. ❌ (False)
Public places are built and maintained by the government. ✅ (True)
Elections in India are held every five years. ✅ (True)
All Indian citizens 18+ can vote. ✅ (True)

✉️ Fill in the Blanks

The process by which leaders are chosen is called election.
The result of elections is announced by the Election Commission of India.
Voting is one of our most important rights and duties.
People who vote in elections are known as voters.
We should not damage other people’s property.

📝 Choose the Correct Answer

Which machine is used for voting? ✔️ (a) Electronic Voting Machine
Where do people vote? ✔️ (b) Polling booth
Which body conducts elections? ✔️ (b) Election Commission of India
What is the paper with candidate names called? ✔️ (b) Ballot paper

🤔 Answer the Following Questions

Distinguish between public and private property with examples.
- Public property is for everyone (e.g., roads, parks), while private property belongs to individuals (e.g., mobile phone, house).
How can people help maintain public property?
- By not scribbling, littering, or damaging public property and using it responsibly.
What is an election and why is it important?
- Election is a process of choosing leaders. It’s important to ensure democratic governance and people’s representation.
What is the Election Commission of India and its role?
- A body that conducts and supervises elections, ensuring they are fair and free.
Who can vote in India and why is it important?
- Citizens aged 18+ can vote. Voting helps select leaders who work for the country’s progress.

📈 Classify the Following

Public Property:

Train, Stadium, Road, India

Private Property:

Mobile phone, Football, Notebook, Bicycle, Gate

🎨 Art & Activities

🏛️ Picture Study: Observe and reflect on why public property was misused and whether it was justified.
🖼️ Poster: Design a poster promoting care for public property.
💡 Life Skills Discussion: Suggest ways to preserve public places.
📃 Tech Corner: Create a PowerPoint on elections in India.
👨‍🏫 Project: Discuss and list qualities expected in a class monitor.

Would you like to continue with Lesson 6 as well? 😊

Let's revise 1 (chapter 1- 5)

📝 Let’s Revise 1

🌟 (Based on Chapters 1 to 5)

✅ A. Tick (✔) the Correct Answer

What consists of the history of the recent times?
✅ (a) Modern period
Which category of literary sources includes religious texts like the Vedas and the Ramayana?
✅ (a) Religious Writings
What is the significance of CE and BCE in counting years?
✅ (a) CE is used for Common Era, and BCE is used for Before Common Era
What are the privileges or freedom enjoyed as a member of a family, neighbourhood, school, or country?
✅ (a) Rights

✍️ B. Fill in the Blanks

Studying history helps us to understand different people, cultures, traditions, places and nations.
The sources like monuments, inscriptions and artefacts can be grouped together as archaeological sources.
The dates of an event arranged in order, starting with the earliest and ending with the latest date or time, is known as a timeline.
A person with a developed civic sense would always stick to the rules and not cause any disturbance to others.

❌✅ C. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False

Modern period in Indian history starts later than in Europe. — ✔️ T
The study of the past by examining the material remains is called excavation. — ✔️ T
Saka calendar is a lunisolar calendar. — ✔️ T
The Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan is a campaign to keep the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country clean. — ✔️ T

📚 D. Answer the Following Questions

Why are the sources of history important?
📝 Sources of history are important because they help us to learn about the past, understand different cultures, events, people, and how societies evolved over time.
What is the main difference between a regular calendar and an almanac?
🗓️ A regular calendar shows the dates and months of a year, while an almanac includes additional information like phases of the moon, eclipses, festivals, and weather predictions.
What is the significance of learning about civics?
⚖️ Learning civics helps us understand how our country works, our rights and responsibilities, and how we can become responsible and respectful citizens.
Who is responsible for taking care of public monuments like the Taj Mahal, Ajanta Caves, and Sun Temple?
🏛️ The Government of India, through the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), is responsible for maintaining and protecting these historical monuments.

🔁 E. Match the Following

Column A	Column B
1. A decade	(c) 10 years
2. A millennium	(d) 1000 years
3. A century	(a) 100 years
4. 1st century	(b) 1–100 years
5. 2nd century	(e) 101–200 years

💭 F. Think and Answer

Imagine you discover an ancient artefact while digging in your backyard. What steps would you take to preserve and protect this historical find?
🔍 If I discovered an ancient artefact, I would:

Inform my parents and teachers immediately
Avoid touching or cleaning it myself
Contact a local museum or archaeology department
Let experts examine and preserve it properly

This way, the artefact can be safely studied and preserved for history. 🏺

Why is it important for citizens to participate in elections and exercise their right to vote?
🗳️ Voting is important because:

It helps citizens choose the right leaders
It ensures democracy functions properly
It gives people a voice in decision-making
It helps bring good governance for the nation

Without participation, unsuitable leaders may be chosen and democracy may weaken. 🇮🇳

6 : The Earth and Its Movements

📘 Lesson 6: The Earth and Its Movements

📝 Lesson Summary

This lesson explains the Earth’s axis, its rotation and revolution, the reasons behind day and night, leap years, and seasons. It also touches on special phenomena like the solstices, equinoxes, and the polar day/night.

🎯 Learning Competencies

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

Identify and explain the axis of the Earth.
Distinguish between Earth’s rotation and revolution.
Understand how rotation causes day/night and revolution causes seasons.

📚 Word Bank (Important Terms)

Axis: Imaginary tilted line around which Earth spins.
Rotation: Earth spinning on its axis (~24 hours).
Revolution: Earth traveling around the Sun (~365¼ days).
Elliptical: Oval shape (Earth’s orbit).
Leap Year: A year with one extra day (366 days).
Solstice: Longest or shortest day of the year.
Equinox: Day when day & night are equal.
Midnight Sun: Sun shining at midnight at poles.
Polar Night: Darkness at poles for six months.

✅ Exercises & Answers

A. ✅ Match the Movements

Rolling — (a) Rolling
Swinging — (b) Swinging
Spinning — (c) Spinning
Sliding — (d) Sliding

B. ✅ Apply Your Knowledge

Colour circles ✓ = Correct, ✗ = Incorrect

The spinning movement on axis is called revolution. → ✗
Earth takes one year to revolve around the sun. → ✓
Earth’s orbit is circular. → ✗
The imaginary horizontal line is called the equator. → ✓
Revolution causes day and night. → ✗

C. ✍️ Fill in the Blanks

Our planet, the Earth, is constantly moving in two ways.
The globe is a model of the Earth.
When the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, the North Pole is under continuous sunlight.
December marks the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere.
Earth takes approximately 24 hours to complete one rotation.

D. ✅ Choose the Correct Answer

Along with rotation, Earth also experiences: (c) Revolution
Rotation of Earth causes: (a) Day and night
Shape of Earth’s orbit is: (b) Elliptical
North Pole receives continuous sunlight for: (c) Six months
Days in a leap year are: (c) 366

E. ✅ Match Key Events

366 days → (e) Leap year
21 March → (c) Spring equinox in southern hemisphere
22 December → (a) Summer solstice in northern hemisphere
23 September → (d) Autumnal equinox in southern hemisphere
21 June → (b) Summer solstice in southern hemisphere

F. 📖 Answer the Following Questions

What is the axis of the Earth?
- It’s an imaginary tilted line running through Earth’s center, connecting North and South Poles, about which Earth spins.
Difference between rotation and revolution?
- Rotation is the Earth spinning on its axis (~24 hours) → causes day & night.
- Revolution is Earth orbiting the Sun (~365¼ days) → causes seasons.
How are day and night caused?
- As Earth rotates, one half faces the Sun (day), the other faces away (night). These alternate every ~24 hours.
What is a leap year and how is it decided?
- A leap year has 366 days. The extra day (Feb 29) accounts for the ~6 extra hours each year. 4 years × 6 hours = 24 hours → one extra day.
What causes different seasons on Earth?
- Due to Earth’s tilted axis and its revolution around the Sun, different regions receive varying amounts of sunlight at different times of the year.
What is an equinox? Name both types with dates.
- Equinox: days when day and night are equal (~12 hours each).
  - Spring Equinox: ~21 March (northern hemisphere spring).
  - Autumnal Equinox: ~23 September (northern hemisphere autumn).

🎨 Activity Corner

Picture Study
- Label the Earth’s rotation and revolution, and identify the axis and orbit in the two provided images.
Art & Creativity
- Draw Earth’s revolution path with four positions, marking seasons in both hemispheres on chart paper.
Tech Corner
- Watch online videos showing rotation and revolution. Discuss what you observed in class.
Project
- Discuss how your choice of clothes changes with seasons. Reflect with classmates.

💡 Extra Practice Questions

Why does Earth’s axis tilt cause seasons?
- The tilt causes different regions to receive direct or slanted sunlight during different parts of the year.
What is midnight sun and polar night?
- Midnight Sun: Continuous daylight at poles when tilted towards Sun.
- Polar Night: Continuous darkness at opposite pole.
What are solstices and when do they occur?
- Summer Solstice: Longest day (21 June in north).
- Winter Solstice: Shortest day (22 December in north).
What if Earth’s axis had no tilt?
- There would be no seasons; every region would have nearly constant climate and equal day/night lengths.

7 : The Four Domains and Major Landforms

📘 Lesson 7: The Four Domains and Major Landforms

📝 Lesson Summary

This lesson introduces students to the four major domains of the Earth — lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere — and describes how each supports life. It also explores major landforms (like mountains, plains, plateaus, and deserts), and identifies the continents and oceans of the world.

🎯 Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

Differentiate the four domains of the Earth 🌍
Identify major landforms and water bodies ⛰️🏞️🌊
Locate continents and oceans on the map 🗺️

📚 Word Bank (Important Terms)

Lithosphere: Land or solid surface of the Earth.
Hydrosphere: Water bodies on Earth.
Atmosphere: Gaseous layer surrounding Earth.
Biosphere: Region supporting life.
Moisture: Water vapor in the air.
Landmass: A large area of land.
Vegetation: Plant life/green cover.

✅ Exercises and Answers

A. ✍️ Let’s Begin

Write ‘L’ for land, ‘W’ for water and ‘A’ for air

Buildings: L
Fish: W
Birds: A
Trees: L

B. 📸 Picture Study

Identify the landforms:

Mountain 🏔️
Valley 🌄
Plateau ⛰️
Plain 🌾
Desert 🏜️

C. 🔠 Crossword Puzzle

Across
3. Plain
4. Desert

Down

Valley
Plateau

D. 🎨 Apply Your Knowledge

Color the circle:

The Earth is made up of four domains — ✅ Green
Three-fourths of the Earth is covered with land — ❌ Red
A sea is larger than an ocean — ❌ Red
Many rivers join together to form a stream — ❌ Red
The land surface of the Earth is divided into seven continents — ✅ Green

E. ✍️ Fill in the blanks

The atmosphere traps the necessary heat from the sun.
All living things exist in the biosphere.
A small mountain is called a hill.
Large landmasses are called continents.
There are five oceans in the world.

F. ✅ Choose the correct answer

Where do people settle in large numbers?
- (b) Plains ✅
Which sphere is divided into several layers?
- (a) Atmosphere ✅
How many continents are there?
- (c) Seven ✅
Which is the largest continent?
- (b) Asia ✅
Which is the smallest ocean?
- (b) Arctic Ocean ✅

G. 📖 Answer the following questions

What are the four domains of the Earth?
- Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Biosphere.
What is lithosphere? What is it made of?
- It is the solid outer layer of Earth, made of rocks, minerals, and soil.
What is atmosphere? What is it made of?
- A layer of gases around Earth, made of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
What is biosphere?
- The part of Earth where life exists, interacting with land, air, and water.
List the seven continents of the world.
- Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia, Antarctica.
List the five oceans of the world.
- Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Southern Ocean.

💡 Extra Practice Questions

Why is the Earth called the blue planet?
- Because over three-fourths of its surface is covered with water.
What makes water in oceans unsuitable for drinking?
- It contains high levels of salt.
Why do people prefer plains for settlements?
- Flat land is easier for building homes, transport, and farming.
Which mountain is the highest in the world?
- Mount Everest.
Name the two longest rivers in the world.
- River Amazon and River Nile.

🗺️ Activity Corner

Map Work:

Mark 7 continents and 5 oceans on a blank world map 🌍

🎨 Art & Tech Projects

Create a clay model showing various landforms like hills, mountains, plains, and deserts.
Use the internet to find pictures of landforms and create a document with short descriptions.

🧠 Life Skills

Mount Everest height: 8,848.86 meters
Mountain range dividing Europe and Asia: Ural Mountains

8: Understanding Maps

🗺️ Lesson 8: Understanding Maps

✨ Lesson Summary

Maps are visual representations of the Earth’s surface that help us locate places, understand distances, and identify physical and political features. In this lesson, students will learn about different types of maps, how to read them using elements like directions, scale, and legends, and explore how signs, symbols, and colors make maps easier to understand.

🎯 Competencies

By the end of this lesson, learners will be able to:

✅ Understand what a map is and its importance
✅ Differentiate between physical, political, and thematic maps
✅ Read and interpret map elements: scale, directions, signs, symbols, and colours
✅ Use legends and keys for decoding map features
✅ Apply knowledge in drawing sketch maps and identifying directions

📚 Glossary (Word Bank)

Word	Meaning
Cartography	The science or art of making maps
Scale	Ratio between actual ground distance and map distance
Cardinal Directions	The four main directions: North, South, East, West
Legend/Key	A table explaining symbols and colours used in a map
Sketch Map	A rough drawing without a scale
Thematic Map	A map showing specific information like rainfall, soil, population etc
Atlas	A book of maps
Symbols	Visual signs used to represent features like roads, rivers, etc.

📝 Let’s Solve the Exercises

🧭 Directions

Fill in the missing directions:

          🧭
        North
West       ⬜       East
        South

🧩 Crossword Puzzle

Clues:

Across
2. Ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on a map → Scale
4. People who make maps → Cartographers

Down

A rough drawing of a place without using a scale → Sketch
A collection of maps compiled together as a book → Atlas

🎯 Apply Your Knowledge

🟢🟥 Colour the circle green or red:

🟢 The Earth is made up of four domains.
🔴 Three-fourths of the Earth is covered with land.
🔴 A sea is larger than an ocean.
🔴 Many rivers join together to form a stream.
🟢 The land surface of the Earth is divided into seven continents.

✍️ Fill in the Blanks

A map is a representation of the Earth’s surface on a flat surface.
North, east, west and south are the cardinal directions.
Blue colour is used for showing water bodies.
The scale of a map shows the ratio between the actual distance and the distance shown on a map.
A legend helps us to understand the meaning of the signs, symbols and colours used in the map.

✅ Choose the Correct Answer

Which is an essential tool to learn about a place?
(b) Map ✅
Which maps give specific information about population, rainfall, etc.?
(c) Thematic maps ✅
What is a rough drawing of a place without using a scale called?
(c) Sketch ✅
How many main directions are there?
(a) Four ✅

🗣️ Answer the Following

What is a map? What is its importance?
A map is a drawing of the Earth’s surface on a flat surface according to a scale. It helps in understanding the location, direction, and distance of places, and is useful for travelers, pilots, and sailors.
Differentiate between physical, political and thematic maps.
- Physical Maps: Show natural features like mountains, rivers, plains.
- Political Maps: Show boundaries of states, countries, cities.
- Thematic Maps: Show specific data like population, climate, soil.
Write a note on directions.
There are four cardinal directions: North, South, East, West. They help locate any place on a map. Intermediate directions include NE, SE, NW, SW.
What is the use of scale on a map?
Scale shows the ratio between actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map, helping to measure real distances.
Why do we use different colours and symbols on a map?
To represent features like water, mountains, plains and structures. This makes the map readable in a small space.
What is a legend? How does it help to read a map?
A legend is a table explaining the signs, colours, and symbols on a map. It helps users understand what each symbol or colour stands for.

📊 Activity – Mathematics Link

Scale: 1 cm = 100 km

Places	Actual Distance	Distance on the Map
Delhi to Amritsar	460 km	4.6 cm
Bangalore to Chennai	350 km	3.5 cm
Mumbai to Goa	590 km	5.9 cm

🎨 Art Link

Compose a poem on four directions:

🧭
East brings the morning light,
North stands strong and white,
West is where the sun goes low,
South is where the warm winds blow!

🎓 Life Skills

✏️ Sketch Map of School (Example Elements):

Main Gate
Playground
Your Classroom
Auditorium
Canteen

🗂️ Project Work:

Neighbouring Countries of India: Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka (sea route)
Surrounding Water Bodies: Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean
🇮🇳 India Fact File:
- Capital: New Delhi
- Largest State (area): Rajasthan
- Most Populous State: Uttar Pradesh
- National Symbols: Tiger (Animal), Peacock (Bird), Lotus (Flower)

🗺️ Map Work

✅ Mark on the World Map:

7 Continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica
5 Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern

✅ Locate your state and its capital
✅ Show neighbouring states and surrounding seas/oceans

9 : The Himalayan Region

🌋 Lesson 9: The Himalayan Region

📖 Lesson Summary:

This lesson introduces students to the Himalayan region of India. It covers the geographical features, climate, capitals, important cities, rivers, vegetation, and crops of the states and union territories located in this mountainous zone. It emphasizes the diversity and natural richness of the region.

💡 Learning Competencies:

🌍 Locate Himalayan states/UTs on the map of India
⛰️ Describe landforms, vegetation, and rivers of the Himalayan region
🌾 Identify main crops and climate features of each state/UT

🧐 Glossary (Word Meanings):

Word	Meaning
Glacier	A large body of slowly moving ice
Orchard	Land where fruit trees are grown
Conifer	Trees with cone shape, needle-like leaves, and drooping branches
Valley of Flowers	A beautiful area in Uttarakhand known for its rich variety of flowers
UT (Union Territory)	A region governed directly by the central government of India

🔄 Let’s Recall:

🚵 The Himalayan region is located in the northern and north-eastern part of India.
⛄️ It experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters.
🌊 Major rivers: Ganga, Teesta, Brahmaputra, Jhelum, etc.
🌳 Vegetation: Conifers, bamboo, orchids, pine, and fruit trees
🌾 Crops: Rice, wheat, maize, barley, fruits, and spices like saffron and cardamom

✏️ Build Your Skills: Fill in the Table

States/UTs	Capital	Major Rivers	Vegetation	Three Major Crops
Jammu & Kashmir	Srinagar/Jammu	Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi	Pine, fir, deodar, walnut	Rice, maize, barley
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Chenab, Beas, Satluj, Ravi, Yamuna	Pine, fir, deodar, spruce	Wheat, maize, rice
Manipur	Imphal	Manipur	Teak, oak, bamboo, cane	Paddy, sugarcane, pulses
Meghalaya	Shillong	Ganol	Pine, bamboo, orchids	Rice, maize, potato

🤔 Crossword Puzzle Clues & Answers

Across:
3. INDUS (River through Ladakh)
4. UTTARAKHAND (Valley of Flowers location)

Down:

SHIMLA (Queen of Hill Stations)
GOMTI (River in Tripura)

🚀 Apply Your Knowledge

🌟 Colour the Circle

✅ The region around the Himalayas is called the Himalayan region
✅ Srinagar is the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir
❌ Shimla is the capital of Uttarakhand (Correct: Dehradun)
✅ Dhansiri is the major river that flows through Nagaland
❌ Sikkim is known as the ‘Fruit bowl of India’ (Correct: Himachal Pradesh)

📝 Fill in the Blanks

Saffron is a special and expensive spice grown in Jammu and Kashmir.
The Tlawng is the major river that flows through Mizoram.
Agartala is the capital of Tripura.
River Brahmaputra is the major river flowing through Arunachal Pradesh.
Arunachal Pradesh is also known as the ‘Orchid State of India’.

🔹 Multiple Choice Questions

Which city is the capital of Meghalaya?
✅ (b) Shillong
How much of Nagaland is covered with forests?
✅ (a) One-fifth
What does Manipur literally mean?
✅ (a) A jewelled land
Which major river flows through Sikkim?
✅ (a) Teesta
Which city is the capital of Ladakh?
✅ (b) Leh

🧯 Answer the Following

What do you understand by the Himalayan region? Name all the states and union territories of this region.
The Himalayan region lies in the northern and north-eastern parts of India. It includes the states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.
Briefly describe the climate of the states/UTs in the Himalayan region.
The Himalayan region has pleasant summers and cold winters. In high-altitude areas, snowfall is common. Rainfall varies across the region – some areas receive heavy rain while others remain dry.
What are conifers? Give few examples.
Conifers are cone-shaped trees with needle-like leaves and drooping branches. Examples include pine, fir, deodar, and spruce.
Why is Arunachal Pradesh known as the Orchid State of India?
Arunachal Pradesh is called the ‘Orchid State’ because many species of orchids grow throughout the year.
Where is Nagaland located? List its neighbouring states.
Nagaland is located in north-eastern India. It shares its borders with Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Assam.

🎪 Activity Corner

🔹 Life Skills:

Learn and perform a folk song or dance from any Himalayan state in small groups.

💻 Tech Corner:

Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on any Himalayan state/UT. Include:

Location
Capital and major cities
Rivers and vegetation
Crops
Pictures

📈 Project Work:

Compare the food habits of any two Himalayan states (e.g., Sikkim vs. Himachal Pradesh).

🗺️ Map Work:

Colour and label all Himalayan states/UTs on India’s map.
Mark their capitals.

This structured content is made for easy viewing on websites and mobile devices 📲🖥️ with clear sections, emojis, and student-friendly language.

10 : The Northern Plains

✨ Lesson 10: The Northern Plains ✨

🌍 Brief Summary:

The Northern Plains lie to the south of the Himalayas and are known for their fertile soil and flat land. These plains are called the ‘Food Bowl of India’ because they support intensive agriculture. This lesson introduces the geographical features, capitals, important cities, rivers, vegetation, and agricultural practices of the states and union territories in this region.

🔧 Competencies Covered:

Locating Northern Plains states and UTs on the map of India
Understanding physical features and climate
Knowing capitals and major cities
Identifying rivers, vegetation, and crops of the region

📖 Word Bank:

Oilseed: A seed from which oil is extracted
Shrub: A short, tree-like plant with many stems or branches

📊 Natural Resources Table

State/UT	Capital & Cities	Rivers	Vegetation	Major Crops
Punjab	Chandigarh, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana	Satluj, Ravi, Beas	Shisham, kikar, eucalyptus, khair	Wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize, mustard, barley
Haryana	Chandigarh, Gurugram, Faridabad, Rohtak	Yamuna, Ghaggar	Neem, keekar, safeda, peepal, beri	Wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, potatoes
Chandigarh	Chandigarh	No river	Neem, keekar, shisham	Few crops
Delhi	New Delhi	Yamuna	Thorny shrubs, shisham	Wheat, vegetables
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow, Agra, Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi	Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Betwa, Ken	Ashoka, neem, sal, jamun, babul	Rice, wheat, barley, sugarcane
Bihar	Patna, Gaya, Darbhanga	Ganga, Gandak, Kosi, Son	Sal, bamboo, banyan, arjun	Rice, wheat, maize, pulses
West Bengal	Kolkata, Darjeeling, Siliguri	Hugli, Damodar	Palm, bamboo, oak	Jute, rice, potatoes, mango
Assam	Dispur, Guwahati, Dibrugarh	Brahmaputra	Orchids, climbers, ferns, shrubs	Tea, rice, jute, wheat, pulses, sugarcane

🧐 Let’s Recall:

The Northern Plains lie to the south of the Himalayas.
They are flat lands with few hilly patches.
They experience hot summers and cold winters.
These states get good monsoon rainfall.
This region is agriculturally important and varies in crops and vegetation by state.

✍️ Build Your Skills

🏛️ Picture Study

Monuments & Locations:

Red Fort – Delhi
Taj Mahal – Agra (Uttar Pradesh)
Golden Temple – Amritsar (Punjab)

✨ Crossword Puzzle (Answers)

Across:

Dispur
Chandigarh
Down:
Hugli
Patna

🌱 Apply Your Knowledge

🟢/🔴 Colour the Circles

🟢 True – Brahmaputra flows through Assam
🔴 False – Yamuna and Ghaggar flow in Haryana
🔴 False – Hugli and Damodar are in West Bengal
🔴 False – Patna is Bihar’s capital
🟢 True – Satluj, Ravi, Beas flow in Punjab

✏️ Fill in the Blanks

south
flat
hot, cold
New Delhi
Assam

🔢 Choose the Correct Answer

(b) Chandigarh
(b) Lucknow
(c) Kolkata
(b) Yamuna
(a) Hugli

🧪 Answer the Following Questions

Describe the landforms and climate of the Northern Plains.
The Northern Plains are flat lands with fertile soil. They experience hot summers, cold winters and good monsoon rainfall.
Why are the Northern Plains called the ‘Food Bowl of India’?
Because of the fertile soil and river systems, these plains support the cultivation of many crops, making them agriculturally rich.
List few important cities of Punjab.
Amritsar, Ludhiana, Mohali, Jalandhar
Write few lines on Delhi.
Delhi is a UT bordered by Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The Yamuna river flows through it. It has sparse vegetation and grows wheat and vegetables. New Delhi is the capital of India.
Name the neighbouring states and major rivers of Uttar Pradesh.
Neighbouring states: Uttarakhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana.
Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Betwa, Ghaghra, Ken.

🌍 Activity Corner

✏️ Map Work: Mark and label Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam with their capitals.
📸 Art Link: Make a collage of Northern Plains monuments (Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Golden Temple) with descriptions.
🎤 Life Skills: Perform folk dances/songs from Punjab (Bhangra), Assam (Bihu), Uttar Pradesh (Rasiya).
💼 Project Work: Research religious cities like Varanasi, Amritsar, Bodh Gaya and mark them on a map.
📏 Tech Corner: Create a digital presentation about one state in the Northern Plains including location, rivers, cities, crops, and vegetation.

11 : Western and Central India

🌍 Lesson 11: Western and Central India

📚 Lesson Summary
This lesson explores the geography, climate, important cities, rivers, vegetation, and agriculture of the states and Union Territories in Western and Central India. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu represent the western region, while Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand are part of Central India.

🎯 Learning Outcomes / Competencies
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
✅ Locate the states/UTs of Western and Central India on a map.
✅ Describe geographical features, climate, capital, cities, rivers, vegetation, and agriculture of each state/UT.
✅ Recognize historical and cultural significance of selected monuments.
✅ Apply map reading, observational, and critical thinking skills.

📖 Glossary

Coast: 🌊 Land along the sea.
Monument: 🏰 A structure of historical importance.
Beach: 🏝 A sandy or pebbly area beside the sea.
Salt marsh: 🌫 Wetland flooded with salty water.
Plateau: 🏞 A flat elevated landform.
Thorny shrubs: 🌵 Plants with sharp points adapted to dry areas.

🧠 Build Your Skills – Table Completion

States/UT	Capital	Major Rivers	Vegetation	Three Major Crops
Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Daman & Diu	Daman	Damanganga	Teak, tortolis, hokka, palm, acacia	Rice, pulses, sugarcane
Rajasthan	Jaipur	Luni, Ghaggar, Banas, Banganga	Thorny shrubs, teak, babul, bamboo	Barley, mustard, pearl millet
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Betwa, Chambal, Mahanadi, Son	Teak, sal, bamboo	Wheat, soybean, sugarcane
Jharkhand	Ranchi	Subarnarekha, Kharkai	Sal, mahua, bamboo, banyan, palm	Rice, millet, maize

🧩 Crossword Puzzle – Answers

Across
3. JAIPUR
4. BHOPAL

Down

RANCHI
MUMBAI

🎯 Apply Your Knowledge

🟢 = Correct Statement, 🔴 = Incorrect Statement

🟢 Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat.
🔴 The state of Madhya Pradesh is located in the western part of India.
🔴 The Thar Desert is located in Jharkhand.
🔴 Ganga is the major river that flows through Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
🟢 The state of Madhya Pradesh is located in the central part of India.

✍️ Fill in the blanks

States in Western India experience mild and pleasant winters and hot and dry summers.
Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra.
Gujarat is located on the western coast of India.
Raipur is the capital of Chhattisgarh.
More than one-fourth of Jharkhand’s land area is forested.

✅ Choose the correct answer

Which is an important city of Rajasthan?
(c) Jaipur
Which is an important river of Madhya Pradesh?
(b) Chambal
Which is an important city of Chhattisgarh?
(a) Bilaspur
Which city is also known as the ‘Commercial Capital of India’?
(b) Mumbai
What is the capital of Goa?
(b) Panaji

🗣️ Answer the following questions

Where is Rajasthan located? Name its neighbouring states.
Rajasthan is located in the north-western part of India. It shares borders with Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab.
Write about the landforms and climate of the states in the western part of India.
Western India has deserts, hills, plains, and coastal areas. The climate is generally mild in winters and hot and dry in summers.
Describe the location of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
This UT is located on the western coast of India. It comprises three districts and is bordered by Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Describe the landforms and climate of the states in the central part of India.
Central India features hills, plateaus, mountains, and plains. The region experiences summer, monsoon, and winter seasons.
Name two important cities each in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Jharkhand: Jamshedpur, Dhanbad
Chhattisgarh: Bilaspur, Bhilai
Gujarat: Ahmedabad, Surat
Rajasthan: Jaipur, Jodhpur

🗺️ Activity Corner – Map Work

🧩 Colour and label the following states and their capitals on an outline map of India:

Rajasthan – Jaipur
Gujarat – Gandhinagar
Maharashtra – Mumbai
Goa – Panaji
Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu – Daman
Madhya Pradesh – Bhopal
Chhattisgarh – Raipur
Jharkhand – Ranchi

🎨 Be Creative – Collage Activity
Create a photo collage of these monuments and write 2–3 lines each:

Amber Fort (Jaipur, Rajasthan): Built in the 16th century by Raja Man Singh; it is known for its artistic Hindu-style elements.
Gateway of India (Mumbai, Maharashtra): Built in 1924 by the British to commemorate King George V’s visit.
Gwalior Fort (Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh): Built in 8th century; famous for its architecture and historical importance.

🎭 Life Skills Activity
Learn folk songs/dances like:

Garba from Gujarat
Lavani from Maharashtra
Ghoomar from Rajasthan

💡 Project Work – Holiday Plan
If visiting Maharashtra:

Cities: Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad
Train: Konkan Express
States crossed: Gujarat, Goa

💻 Tech Corner – Monsoon Precautions in Mumbai
Create a Word file listing:

Use raincoats/umbrellas
Avoid water-logged roads
Follow weather updates
Use waterproof bags for valuables

✨ End of Lesson ✨

12 : Southern India

Lesson 12: Southern India

📖 Lesson Title: Southern India

🔍 Brief Summary:
This lesson provides an overview of the geographical features, climate, capitals, important cities, rivers, natural vegetation, and major crops of the states and union territories in Southern India. It helps students develop map reading, observational and comparative analysis skills.

🔬 Learning Competencies:

Identify and locate the southern states and union territories of India on the map.
Describe the climate and landforms of southern India.
Recognize major cities, rivers, and crops in the region.
Appreciate the cultural richness of southern India.

💡 Glossary (Difficult Words and Meanings):

Landlocked: A region surrounded by land without direct access to the sea.
Union Territory (UT): A type of administrative division in India that is governed directly by the Central Government.
Vegetation: The plant life or total plant cover in an area.
Plateau: A flat elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area.
Port: A town or city with a harbor where ships load and unload cargo.
Swamp: Low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects.
Mangrove: Tropical trees or shrubs that grow in coastal saline or brackish water.

📚 Solved Exercises

✅ Build Your Skills

Research and Inquire
Students are encouraged to find information on famous personalities from South India like A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (Tamil Nadu), M.S. Subbulakshmi (Tamil Nadu), C.V. Raman (Tamil Nadu), P.V. Sindhu (Telangana), etc.

✅ Crossword Puzzle

Across:
3. Puducherry
4. Bengaluru

Down:

Amaravati
Chennai

✅ Apply Your Knowledge

A. Color the circle green (Correct) or red (Incorrect):

🔵 (Green) – Hyderabad is the capital city of Telangana.
🔵 (Green) – Lakshadweep Islands is a group of 36 islands.
🔴 (Red) – Ganga and Yamuna do NOT flow through Andhra Pradesh.
🔵 (Green) – Mangalore is an important city of Karnataka.
🔴 (Red) – There are no rivers in Lakshadweep Islands.

B. Fill in the blanks:

Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
500
Thiruvananthapuram
Three

C. Choose the correct answer:

(a) Mysore
(c) Pennar
(b) Bhubaneswar
(c) Kerala
(b) Telangana

📙 Answer the Following Questions:

Describe the landforms of the states in south India.
Southern India has three distinct landforms: coastal plains, hilly areas (like the Western and Eastern Ghats), and the plateau region (like the Deccan Plateau).
What kind of climate do the states/UTs in southern India experience?
These states generally experience hot summers, heavy rainfall in the monsoon, and mild winters.
List the states in the south-eastern and south-western coast of the Indian mainland.

South-eastern: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
South-western: Kerala, Karnataka

Name the capital and important cities of Andhra Pradesh.
Capital: Amaravati. Important cities: Vishakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Tirupati
Name two major rivers each of the states of Telangana, Puducherry, and Tamil Nadu.

Telangana: Godavari, Krishna
Puducherry: Pennar, Kaveri
Tamil Nadu: Kaveri, Vaigai

🎨 Activity Corner

Map Work: Locate and color Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Puducherry, Lakshadweep, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands with their capitals.
Tech Corner: Make a digital presentation on Kerala including rivers (Periyar, Pamba), capital (Thiruvananthapuram), vegetation (coconut palm, cassia), major crops (spices, rice).
Art Link: Perform Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh) or Kathakali (Kerala).
Language Link Project: Prepare a paragraph on “Kerala – God’s Own Country” with pictures of backwaters, elephants, and coconut plantations.

🧠 Additional Questions and Answers

Which UT in south India consists of disconnected districts?

Puducherry

What is the capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

Sri Vijaya Puram (formerly Port Blair)

Which state is known as the ‘Garden City of India’?

Karnataka (Bengaluru)

Which island UT has no rivers?

Lakshadweep

Which states are famous for coffee and spices?

Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

🌿 Highlights:

🌎 Region: Southern India
📅 Climate: Hot ☀️, Rainy ☔️, Mild Winter ❄️
🌿 Vegetation: Forests, Medicinal Plants, Shrubs
🌱 Crops: Rice, Coffee, Spices, Cotton, Coconut
🏞️ Rivers: Krishna, Godavari, Periyar, Kaveri, Vaigai
📍 Capitals: Bengaluru, Chennai, Amaravati, Hyderabad, Bhubaneswar

📖 End of Lesson: Southern India

📘 Let's Revise 2 ( Chapters 6–12)

📘 Let’s Revise 2

📚 (Based on Chapters 6–12)

✅ A. Tick (✔) the correct answer

1️⃣ Which movement of the Earth causes day and night?
✔️ (b) Rotation

2️⃣ Which of the following spheres is related to air?
✔️ (b) Atmosphere

3️⃣ What type of map shows natural features like plains, mountains, plateaus, rivers, seas and oceans?
✔️ (c) Physical Map

4️⃣ Which state is known as the “Fruit Bowl of India” because of its numerous fruit orchards?
✔️ (b) Himachal Pradesh

✅ B. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False

1️⃣ The Valley of Flowers, famous for a variety of flowers and plants, is located in Himachal Pradesh.
❌ F — It is located in Uttarakhand.

2️⃣ The Northern Plains are called the ‘Food Bowl of India’ due to their fertile soil and abundant crop production.
✔️ T

3️⃣ No river flows through Chandigarh.
❌ F — Small rivers and seasonal streams like Sukhna Choe flow through it.

4️⃣ Telangana is the only state in southern India that does not have a coastline.
✔️ T

✅ C. Fill in the blanks

1️⃣ The imaginary line passing horizontally through the middle of the Earth is called the
👉 Equator 🌍

2️⃣ The solid outer layer of the Earth is called
👉 Lithosphere 🪨

3️⃣ A rough drawing of a place without using a scale is called a
👉 Sketch ✏️

4️⃣ Gumti is the major river that flows through Tripura 🌊

✅ D. Answer the following questions

1️⃣ What are the major rivers that flow through Uttar Pradesh?
➡️ Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, Sone and Betwa.

2️⃣ What are the main crops grown in Jharkhand?
➡️ Rice, maize, pulses, wheat, millets, and mustard.

3️⃣ What are the major rivers that flow through Rajasthan?
➡️ Luni, Banas, Chambal, Ghaggar, and Sabarmati.

4️⃣ What is Kerala often referred to as due to its scenic beauty?
➡️ Kerala is known as “God’s Own Country” 🌴 because of its lush greenery, rivers, and backwaters.

✅ E. Match the following

No.	State/UT	Match With
1.	Uttarakhand	(b) Dehradun
2.	Nagaland	(c) Kohima
3.	Tamil Nadu	(a) Chennai
4.	Punjab	(e) Chandigarh
5.	Telangana	(d) Hyderabad

🧠 F. Think and Answer

1️⃣ Which states/UTs in Western India have a significant presence of desert landscapes?
➡️ Rajasthan is the main state with desert regions, especially the Thar Desert.
➡️ Parts of Gujarat also have arid landscapes like the Rann of Kutch.

2️⃣ Among the southern states and UTs of India, which one is most likely to have a dense forest cover?
➡️ Kerala is most likely due to its location in the Western Ghats, which receive high rainfall and support thick forests. 🌲

3️⃣ Why do the largest number of people live in plains?
➡️ People live in plains because:

They have fertile soil for farming 🌾
Flat land is easier to build houses, roads, and railways 🏠
Water availability from rivers and groundwater 💧
Better transport and communication 📞🚆

13 : The Physical Divisions of India

14 : The People of India

15 : Pollution: Causes, Effects and Prevention

16 : Waste Disposal

🔧 This section is currently under development. The complete exercises and answers for this lesson will be available soon.

Thank you for your patience!

16 : Waste Disposal

🔧 This section is currently under development. The complete exercises and answers for this lesson will be available soon.

Thank you for your patience!

📚 Welcome to Class 4 Social Science – ICSE Curriculum

🧠 Explore, Learn, and Practice with Ease

Dear Students and Visitors,

We are delighted to offer you a complete and organized collection of all the ICSE Class 4 Social Science chapters and exercises, thoughtfully arranged in an accordion format for your convenience.

📖 How to Use:

Click or tap on any lesson title below to expand and view the summary, key concepts, glossary, and fully solved exercises for that chapter.
Each accordion contains complete solutions, including multiple choice questions, true/false, fill in the blanks, short and long answers, along with additional practice.
You can collapse the lesson once you’re done to move on to the next with ease.
This format allows you to focus on one chapter at a time, making your learning smoother and distraction-free.

🎯 Who is this for?
This resource is ideal for:

Students who want quick and clear access to their lessons
Parents supporting their child’s studies
Teachers looking for structured, ready-to-use material

🌟 Make the most of your learning journey by reviewing each chapter, understanding key facts, and practicing regularly. This platform is designed to support your academic growth in a fun and interactive way.

Happy Learning!
📌 Click on any topic below to begin.

ICSE Class 4 Social Studies Solved Exercises – Chapter-wise Viva Book Answers (NEP 2020)

Contents

📘 Lesson 1: What is History?

🧠 Lesson Summary:

🎯 Learning Competencies:

📚 Glossary (Word Bank):

📝 Exercises & Solutions:

✨ Let’s Begin Activity:

💬 Time to Discuss:

📖 Do and Learn – Family History Activity:

🔍 Think Tank Question:

✅ Let’s Recall – Fill in the Blanks (with answers):

🎯 Apply Your Knowledge – Multiple Choice Questions:

🟥🟩 Colour the Circle (True/False):

✍️ Short Answer Questions:

🖼️ Picture Study – Period Classification:

🧠 Be Creative: Personal Event Project

🗣️ Language Link – Debate Topic:

🏛️ Life Skills – Monument Preservation

🏫 Project Work – History of Your School

💡 Extra Questions for Practice:

💡 Extra Questions with Answers:

📘 Lesson 2: Sources of History

🔍 Lesson Summary:

🧠 Learning Competencies:

📚 Glossary (Difficult Words Explained):

🧩 Solved Exercises:

🧠 Apply Your Knowledge:

✍️ Fill in the blanks:

✅ Choose the correct answer:

💬 Answer the Following Questions:

🧠 Extra Questions for Practice:

🎨 Activities:

🧠 Mind Map

🔠 Crossword Clues:

🧑‍🎨 Picture Study:

📌 Project Work:

✨ Life Skill Reflection:

💡 Tech Task:

📝 Lesson Summary:

🎯 Competencies:

📚 Glossary of Difficult Words:

✅ Solved Exercises

🔍 Let’s Recall:

🧠 Build Your Skills:

📘 Apply Your Knowledge

✍️ Answer the following:

💡 Extra Practice Questions:

🎨 Activity Corner:

📐 Mathematics Link (Time Ruler):

✨ Lesson Summary:

🎯 Lesson Competencies:

📖 Word Bank:

✅ Exercises with Answers:

🔁 Let’s Begin: Warm-up Questions (Answers)

📚 Do and Learn: Citizenship

📊 Do and Learn: Rights and Duties Table

🧠 Think Tank Question Answer

🎨 Apply Your Knowledge

✍️ Fill in the blanks (Answers)

🗳️ Choose the correct answer (Answers)

🧾 Answer the following questions:

🖼️ Activity Corner: Picture Study (Model Answer)

🎨 Be Creative

💡 Life Skills – Tick the Good Civic Habits

🌐 Tech Corner: Research Answer

📄 Lesson Summary

🌟 Learning Competencies

🧛‍♂️ Word Bank (Difficult Words)

🌐 Concept: Public and Private Property

🌎 Concept: Participating in Elections

🎓 Exercises and Solutions

✅ Apply Your Knowledge: True/False (Color the Circle Green or Red)

✉️ Fill in the Blanks

📝 Choose the Correct Answer

🤔 Answer the Following Questions

📈 Classify the Following

🎨 Art & Activities

📝 Let’s Revise 1

✅ A. Tick (✔) the Correct Answer